Quipus could unlock mystery of Incas

LIMA, Peru — To the casual observer, they appear to be little more than multicolored tangles of arm-length strings. But a growing number of experts think that “quipus” might hold the secrets of the Inca Empire.

The Incas built the greatest pre-Columbian empire in South America, unifying Andean cultures from what is now Colombia to Chile for about a hundred years before they fell to Spanish conquistadors in the early 1500s.

They left extensive roads, irrigation systems and imposing stonework, including the mountaintop citadel of Machu Picchu.

What they apparently did not leave behind was a written record of how it all worked — a gap that has puzzled anthropologists who see written language as a key requirement of great civilizations. That’s where the quipus, or knotted strings, come in.

Quipus have been tying up British textile engineer William Burns for half of the nearly 50 years he has lived in Peru.

“Walking around museums with my daughters, I became fascinated with the Incas,” Mr. Burns said recently at his home in Lima. “There is something for everyone, and I was drawn to the fibers.”

In his book “Decoding the Quipus,” published here in Spanish this year, Mr. Burns suggests that the colors and configurations of the knots are a phonetic shorthand for the Quechua language still used in the Andes.

Spread out on display, a quipu — also spelled khipu — looks something like a hula skirt, with a horizontal main cord and dozens to hundreds of knotted, multicolored pendant strings made of cotton and wool.

Spanish chroniclers wrote that Inca quipu makers “read” the strings to early colonial overlords keen on cataloging their spoils. But Spanish colonists destroyed most of the quipus, and researchers have been unable so far to match a colonial-era transcription to any surviving quipu.

Gary Urton, a Harvard anthropologist, estimates that there are at least 600 quipus in museums, and he has studied about 450 of them in Peru, Chile, the United States and Germany. He decided to take on quipus a decade ago after studying the use of calendars, astrology and agricultural planning in Peru.

“Over the years, I continually came up against the problem of ‘We can’t read the quipus,’” Mr. Urton said in a telephone interview from Cambridge, Mass.

Mr. Urton believes quipu makers, known as “quipucamayos,” used a binary mathematical approach similar to that used in modern computers to encode numbers and narratives with the knots.

From a black cotton string tied in a simple half hitch to a reddish-brown alpaca wool string wrapped in a complex knot, the options were many, but they also were definite and simple.

In his new book, “Signs of the Inka Khipu,” Mr. Urton suggests that the possible combinations yield 1,536 knotted characters representing words — or even entire myths — that could be read by others.

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