Turnout calculations

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One of the best-kept political secrets of the Democratic primaries until now has been their low voter turnout, a potentially troubling development for the party's chances in November.

Despite rah-rah news reports that an aroused and angry Democratic voter base was turning out in droves to choose their party's presidential nominee, Democratic turnout was, in the aggregate, the third-lowest on record.

This is the conclusion of a little-noticed report by Curtis Gans, the voter turnout specialist who runs the nonpartisan Committee for the Study of the American Electorate. Few know more about turnout rates than Mr. Gans, an old-line Democrat, and the preliminary primary data have left him underwhelmed.

"Contrary to some published reports, and with the singular exception of the New Hampshire Democratic primary, which set a new record high, Democratic turnout in the party's presidential primaries through Super Tuesday (when John Kerry all but locked up the nomination) was generally low," he says.

Democratic turnout (an estimated 10.3 million) made up 11.4 percent of eligible voters "in the 20 states which held primaries through Super Tuesday, higher than the 9 percent which voted in the uncontested 1996 primaries and the virtually uncontested primaries in 2000 in which 10.1 percent of the eligible electorate voted," Mr. Gans reports. "But it was lower than the turnout for every other presidential primary season in these states and more than 50 percent lower than the primary turnouts of 1968 and 1972."

Republican turnout was also the lowest on record, but this is because there was no primary contest and President Bush was assured of renomination.

Surprisingly, Democratic turnout "reached record lows" in some of the most intensely Democratic states in the country. In Connecticut and New York, it fell to 5.4 percent.

Turnout set a record in New Hampshire and a near record in the Iowa caucuses, but this was in large part due to the heavy concentration of time, retail campaigning, big money and TV coverage over many months.

Elsewhere, though, Mr. Gans finds a "disturbing low level of voter turnout -- between 30 and 50 percent lower than turnouts in the 1960s and '70s.