Extraterrestrials, Mars meteorite

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George Basalla suggests in Civilized Life in the Universe: Scientists on Intelligent Extraterrestrials (Oxford University Press, $29.95, 224 pages) that the human yearning for company is so great that some great scientific thinkers have let their emotions overtake their reason in believing there is intelligent -- and often super-intelligent -- life beyond the planet Earth.

Mr. Basalla, emeritus professor of history at the University of Delaware, begins his cautionary history of this long-lived search with the ancient Greek atomists, who postulated an infinite number of universes similar to ours. Further speculation along this line was largely squelched for two millennia, following the church's acceptance, and vigorous enforcement, of Aristotle's picture of a finite universe where the unchanging sun, planets and stars circle the earth in orbits fixed in a transparent solid structure.

When Copernicus placed the sun instead of the earth at the center of the cosmos, he opened the way for thinkers like Giordano Bruno, who was eventually burned at the stake for heresy, to argue that other planets might also be inhabited.

Galileo's observations of the cratered nature of the moon using the recently-invented telescope opened speculation about lunar life by distinguished figures including Johannes Kepler, discoverer of the laws of planetary motion, who conjured up a moon occupied by three groups of intelligent creatures whose lifestyles depended on whether they were on the sunny or the dark side, or in between. He believed that the craters were purposefully constructed by the highly skilled lunar dwellers, whose civilization, notes Mr. Basalla, bore a striking resemblance to that of 17th-century Austria, Kepler's home.

After surveying the next few centuries of scientific notables who similarly created extraterrestrial creatures in their own image, Mr. Basalla arrives at two late 19th-century observers of Mars, the Italian Giovanni Schiaparelli and the American Percival Lowell.

Both men perceived a system of lines covering the Martian landscape which were not evident to many other observers. Schiaparelli called these lines canali, an Italian word usually translated in English as "canals," but which also means "channels," which can be natural features. Schiaparelli himself pictured a Martian civilization dominated by a cadre of engineers whose massive hydraulic projects kept their inhospitable planet habitable.

While Schiaparelli did not commit himself fully to this idea, Lowell was a true believer. A scion of the famous Boston family, Lowell's turn to astronomy after devoting a decade to studying Oriental culture was motivated by a belief in the existence of the Martian canals.

He set up an observatory to study Mars and in short order also perceived the seasonal waxing and waning of vegetation, and poured forth a stream of popular articles and books describing Martian civilization, which far surpassed our own in its technological skill. Observations made with superior instruments soon demonstrated that the canals, as well as Lowell's other observations, were illusory, but Lowell never abandoned his beliefs.

The myth of intelligent life on Mars inspired much science fiction, notably in the works of H.G. Wells and Edgar Rice Burroughs, who not only created Tarzan of the apes but also wrote 11 Martian novels. These had a major impact on the ambitions of the young Carl Sagan. Mr. Basalla tells us that Sagan had a map of Burroughs's Martian world on the wall outside his office at Cornell, where he pursued his career as a major figure in U.S. astronomy and leading believer in extraterrestrial intelligence.

When 20th-century advances began the age of space exploration, it became clear that there was no intelligent life -- and very likely no unintelligent life, either -- in the solar system. However, the development of radio astronomy inspired scientists to look for radio signals bringing signs of life from more distant parts of the universe.