Lloyd Shapley, one of two Americans who were awarded the Nobel economics prize, is photographed at his home in the Pacific Palisades area of Los Angeles Monday, Oct. 15, 2012. Shapley, 89, and Alvin Roth were awarded the Nobel economics prize on Monday, for studies on the match-making that takes place when doctors are coupled up with hospitals, students with schools and human organs with transplant recipients. The work of Roth and Shapley has sparked a flourishing field of research and helped improve the performance of many markets, the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences said. Shapley is a professor emeritus at University of California Los Angeles. (AP Photo/Reed Saxon)
Journalists listen as (from left) Per Krusell, Staffan Normark, Peter Gardenfors and Tore Ellingsen of the Swedish Royal Academy of Sciences announce the winners of the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences in Stockholm on Monday, Oct. 15, 2012. Alvin Roth of Harvard University and Lloyd Shapley of the University of California at Los Angeles won the prize "for the theory of stable allocations and the practice of market design." (AP Photo/Scanpix Sweden, Henrik Montgomery)
Per Krusell (from left), Staffan Normark, Peter Gardenfors and Tore Ellingsen of the Swedish Royal Academy of Sciences announce the winners of the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences in Stockholm on Monday, Oct. 15, 2012. Americans Alvin Roth of Harvard University and Lloyd Shapley of the University of California at Los Angeles were cited for "the theory of stable allocations and the practice of market design." (AP Photo/Scanpix Sweden, Henrik Montgomery)
Lloyd Shapley, one of two Americans who were awarded the 2012 Nobel economics prize, is pictured at his home in the Pacific Palisades area of Los Angeles on Monday, Oct. 15, 2012. Mr. Shapley, 89, and Alvin Roth were recognized for their studies on the matchmaking that takes place when doctors are coupled up with hospitals, students with schools and human organs with transplant recipients. The work of the two scholars has sparked a flourishing field of research and helped improve the performance of many markets, the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences said. Mr. Shapley is a professor emeritus at the University of California at Los Angeles. (AP Photo/Reed Saxon)
Alvin Roth, a Harvard University scholar who is a visiting professor at Stanford University, takes a phone call at his home in Menlo Park, Calif., on Monday, Oct. 15, 2012, after being awarded the Nobel economics prize. Mr. Roth, 60, and Lloyd Shapley, 89, two Americans, were awarded the Nobel for their studies on the matchmaking that takes place when doctors are coupled up with hospitals, students with schools and human organs with transplant recipients. The work of two has sparked a flourishing field of research and helped improve the performance of many markets, the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences said. (AP Photo/Stanford News Service, Linda A. Cicero)
