Trade war tariffs threatening U.S. jobs

U.S. clothing, paper products and sweet corn soon will be more expensive for Europeans. For Canadians, American cigarettes, hogs, oysters and fish will cost more. For the United States, it is part of a new trade war that will mean lost sales and probably lost jobs.

As of yesterday, American exporters of a wide range of products will be hit with penalty tariffs of 15 percent levied by Canada and the 25-nation European Union because of U.S. government payments to American companies that have been ruled illegal by the World Trade Organization.

Given sentiments in Congress, those penalties and additional sanctions pending in other countries could stay in effect for a long time, despite the Bush administration’s opposition to the law that authorized the payments.

The law at issue — known as the Byrd amendment for its chief sponsor, Sen. Robert C. Byrd, West Virginia Democrat — enjoys broad support in Congress because of the millions of dollars it provides to U.S. companies.

Under the Byrd amendment, passed in October 2000, companies that bring successful cases against foreign firms claiming that their competitors’ products are being sold in this country at unfairly low prices get the benefit of higher penalty tariffs placed on the competing products and receive the tariff revenue that the government collects.

Before the Byrd amendment, the extra border taxes went into the government’s coffers instead of being turned over to U.S. companies. Foreign companies complain that the new process amounts to double jeopardy. Their products are being hit with penalty tariffs, and their U.S. competitors are getting a windfall from those tariffs.

The European Union and other nations sued the United States before the WTO and won the case in January 2003.

When the Byrd amendment was not repealed by the end of 2003, the European Union and seven countries — Brazil, Canada, Chile, India, Japan, Mexico and South Korea — won the right to impose a total of $150 million in economic sanctions on the United States.

That amount is linked to the levels of U.S. tariffs being imposed on companies based in the various countries. The amount is designed to rise in coming years as the tariff payouts to U.S. companies increase.

Although the European Union and Canada are the first to move ahead to impose sanctions, other countries are expected to follow their lead in coming months to bring maximum pressure on Congress to repeal the law.

The European Union, which the WTO has given the go-ahead to impose sanctions of $28 million in the first year, has levied its 15 percent retaliatory tariff on various types of clothing from women’s shorts to men’s trousers. Also hit by the EU tariffs will be various paper products such as writing pads and diaries, plus sweet corn, eyeglass frames and construction cranes.

Canada, authorized by the WTO to impose $14 million in sanctions, is levying 15 percent tariffs on cigarettes, oysters, live hogs and fish.

The sanctions will drive up the cost of U.S. products in the foreign countries and likely reduce sales, which could lead to job cutbacks in the United States.

The sanctions that began yesterday are only the beginning. In addition to the more than $100 million in sanctions for the other parties to the WTO lawsuit aside from the European Union and Canada, trade analysts predict the level of payouts to U.S. companies will grow significantly in future years, meaning rising sanctions on U.S. products.

For Canada, penalty duties just on that country’s shipments of softwood lumber to the United States now are running at an annual rate of more than $1 billion, an amount the U.S. lumber industry is in line to collect.

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