Truth shoots down Spencer rifle lore

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According to popular lore, President Lincoln personally intervened in the Union Army's weapons selection process in1863, ensuring that the repeating Spencer rifle, a revolutionary small-arms technology rejected by hidebound ordnance officers, was adopted and issued to Federal forces, thus changing the course of the war. The truth of the matter, is somewhat different, as is often the case.

In fact, Spencers were in service before Lincoln laid eyes on one. An 1862 contract to supply the Army with 7,500 Spencer rifles was fulfilled by the spring of 1863. By late summer, in the wake of its successful use at the battles of Hoover's Gap, Tenn., and Gettysburg, the Spencer had acquired an excellent reputation in the field, and demand for the guns from Union soldiers and commanders increased.

Maj. Gen. Stephan A. Hurlbut, commanding the XVI Army Corps and the city of Memphis, Tenn., requested Spencer "Navy rifles" to arm two regiments of mounted infantrymen.

Hurlbut was bedeviled by Confederate "partisan rangers" sniping at Union shipping on the Mississippi River from the Arkansas side and badly wanted to clean them out.

The general probably had seen some of the 750 Spencers purchased by the Navy under a contract separate from that of the Army. Some Navy Spencers were shipped west to arm the Mississippi Marine Brigade, a unit manning converted steamboats designed to ram enemy craft as well as carry landing parties. Hurlbut no doubt had heard of these advanced small arms and was eager to acquire some for his guerrilla hunters.

Army Chief of Staff Maj. Gen. Henry Wager Halleck, no friend to hasty technical innovation, denied Hurlbut's request. The politically connected Hurlbut would not take no for an answer from the likes of Halleck, however, and directly petitioned Lincoln.

His curiosity sparked by the general's inquiry, Lincoln requested a Spencer rifle from the Navy to evaluate it for himself. Unfortunately, the first gun he received had problems, and so did the second.

The president found that the initial rifle's "[magazine] tube was wound so tight in place that I could not get it out." That was just the beginning. The second rifle had a functioning magazine tube, but when the lever was worked to chamber a cartridge, two jumped forward, jamming the gun so thoroughly that it took 15 minutes to disassemble and clear it.

After the Spencer was reassembled, Lincoln was able to fire a number of shots, but the president was concerned that the two rifles, already inspected and accepted by the Navy, did not function properly. Based on these misadventures, Lincoln advised Hurlbut on Aug. 4, 1863, that he would not be getting any Spencers.

Somehow word of this fiasco reached the indefatigable Warren Fisher, treasurer of the Spencer Co. Fisher dispatched the gun's inventor, Christopher Spencer, to Washington in mid-August to stage a personal demonstration for the president.