Babies form memories at early age

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SAN FRANCISCO (AP) -- Adults thinking back rarely can remember anything before preschool, but those bright infant eyes staring back at mommy and daddy really are forming memories. It's just that babies also forget.

In fact, babies' rate of forgetting is even faster than that of adults, Patricia J. Bauer of Duke University said yesterday at the annual meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science.

Miss Bauer was part of a panel discussing "infant amnesia," the puzzling inability of people to remember events early in life.

Researchers have long speculated that babies' brains were simply unable to form memories, but Miss Bauer said new research indicates that is incorrect.

While rates of memory development vary among infants, all babies are extremely intelligent, added Lisa M. Oakes of the University of California at Davis. "The task they have before them is overwhelming."

Infants are very good at extracting information from their environment, said Miss Oakes.

The ability to form memories depends on a network of structures in the brain and these develop at different times, Miss Bauer said. As the networks come together between 6 months and 18 months of life, researchers see increased efficiency in the ability to form short- and long-term memory, she said.

From age 6 months to 2 years, memory increases from about 24 hours to a year, she said.

But, noting that children, like adults, forget, she compared the brains of infants and adults to colanders used to drain food. The adult colander has small holes, for draining something like orzo or rice, while the infant colander has larger holes, such as for draining large penne pasta, but allowing more information to flow out.

Adults' earliest memory of childhood tends to be of emotional events, either positive or negative, she added.

"Our lives completely depend on being able to remember the past," Miss Bauer said, and that matures during the first two years of life.

Miss Bauer said infants were tested by using objects such as cups and blocks. In one test a baby would be shown two cups, a block would be put into one, the other cup would be put over the top and the group would be shaken to form a rattle.

This is something children don't do instinctively, she explained, but once they see it they can copy it, and researchers can see how long they remember when given the same objects.

Miss Oakes said she studied infants by watching how long they would look at something. Babies will look longer at something new than something they are familiar with, she said, which allows researchers to calculate how long the baby remembers something.

Tracy DeBoer of the University of California at Davis, said babies born to diabetic mothers are at increased risk of memory loss. Such children may have shortages of oxygen and iron before birth and that can cause impaired memory when they are growing.

That impairment did not occur when the mother's diabetes was controlled during pregnancy, she added.