Gardening can be comforting — even therapeutic — for troops trying to shake the stresses of war.
There's a long history of soldiers growing plants in the extreme conditions of a war zone. "Trench Gardens" produced needed food as well as healing diversion for soldiers mired in the muck on both sides of the Western Front in World War I. American prisoners of war cultivated "barbed-wire gardens" to augment starvation rations and provide some mental escape during World War II.
Most recently, such "defiant gardens" have cropped up at isolated combat outposts in Iraq and Afghanistan, much as they did around GI Quonset huts in the Vietnam of four decades ago.
"Such gardens stand not in harmony with, but in opposition to, their locations, asserting their presence," writes Kenneth Helphand, a professor of landscape architecture at the University of Oregon, in his "Defiant Gardens: Making Gardens in Wartime."
"In extreme conditions, where the most extreme is war, death is all around," Mr. Helphand added in an interview. "A garden then takes on meaning that goes well beyond our daily lives."
Defiant gardening often isn't about food at all, Mr. Helphand said. Motivations vary, he said, but fall into five general areas:
Hope: "Planting is an optimistic act," he said. "You put a seed into the ground in anticipation it will grow. It takes time, attention and maintenance. There's a miraculous aspect. Hope is embodied in all that."
Life: "Gardens are alive. They provide a connection with nature and life's forces."
Home: "Gardens either are part of, or an extension of, home, or places where we've lived or would like to be."
Work: "It's something to do. The garden often is part of a person's identity and culture."
