Culture of fear fades as Shi’ite gunmen depart

BASRA, Iraq (AP) | Men and women can openly study and party together for the first time in years at Basra University, free from the threat of Shi’ite gunmen enforcing extreme Islamic views.

To get to class, however, the students must navigate traffic jams and ubiquitous checkpoints that the Iraqi military calls the price of peace in this sweltering, oil-rich southern city where temperatures rise above 120 degrees.

It often doesn’t get any cooler indoors. Basra is enduring widespread electricity shortages that residents blame on Iraqi authorities, who in turn point the finger at neighboring Iran. And then there’s the lack of clean tap water.

From students to merchants, people here say they are happy and hopeful about their new freedoms three months after the Iraqi military wrested control of the country’s second-largest city from Shi’ite militiamen. But frustration is rising over the failure of the Iraqi government to follow through on its promises to improve basic services, provide jobs and distribute enough food to citizens.

“The government gives us food rations, but it is not enough. We are all tired,” Chitaya Mashhan Madloon said as she pushed through the crowd at a market, using her black robe to wipe sweat from her forehead.

Many worry the neglect could ignite more violence.

“The services are getting worse, they’re not getting better. This is creating ill will toward the government,” said Mustafa Mahdi Hussein, the dean of Basra University’s college of administration and economics.

Mr. Hussein said unemployment posed a security risk because idle young men are vulnerable to militia recruitment.

“We need to give them work to do. You can’t just keep expanding the military operations. If you talk to anybody, they just want three things, electricity, water and safety,” he added during a recent interview in his office.

Such complaints are common throughout Iraq but have particular resonance in Basra and other areas where security forces have gained control from armed groups. The fear is that without a speedy increase in public services and quality of life, the public will lose confidence in the government - opening the door for the extremists to return.

The government has allocated at least $100 million to rebuild the province. Most of the money has been earmarked for projects to improve services, communications, roads and health services, and some 17 percent to compensate citizens for damages during the latest military operations, said Tariq al-Moussawi of the Basra Reconstruction Committee.

Basra province holds most of the country’s proven oil reserves and is the main export hub. But the city’s garbage-strewn streets belie its riches underground.

Predominantly Shi’ite, the city’s residents were persecuted under Saddam Hussein’s Sunni-dominated regime. They later fell under the influence of Shi’ite militias who filled a power vacuum after the U.S.-led invasion in 2003.

In one of the worst examples of the lawlessness that followed the toppling of Saddam, Iraqi police said religious vigilantes last year killed at least 40 women in Basra because of how they dressed. Their mutilated bodies were found with notes warning others against “violating Islamic teachings.”

Taroob Fadhil al-Azzawi, the principal of a girls’ school, said she used to go to work fearing news of another student kidnapped or female teacher killed.

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